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Biota
Hyloscirtus armatus
EOL Text
Red List Criteria
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License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | © International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
Source | http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/55398 |
Population
Population Trend
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Source | http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/55398 |
Major Threats
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Rights holder/Author | © International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
Source | http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/55398 |
Conservation Actions
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Rights holder/Author | © International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
Source | http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/55398 |
Hyloscirtus armatus is a species of frog in the Hylidae family found in Bolivia and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss. Most likely, this is a species complex, composed of several species.
References
- Angulo, A., Reichle, S. & Arizabal, W. 2004. Hyloscirtus armatus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
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License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyloscirtus_armatus&oldid=549610658 |
Hyloscirtus armata, the armed treefrog, is a hylid frog native to cloud forests on the eastern slope of the Andes in Peru and Bolivia, at elevations of 1400-2400 m (4600-7900 feet). Like its congenitors, this elusive species lives and reproduces alongside fast moving mountain streams, perching at night on nearby rocks and vegetation in the spray zone of waterfalls (Frost 2015; Köhler 2000).
Armed treefrogs are distinctly larger than other species of Hyloscirtus (stream treefrogs); males measure 68 mm (2.7 inches) snout vent length, females slightly larger. They are smooth-skinned and brown-grey with dark round spots and cream-colored splotches on top and have large spots on their flanks and pale bellies; males distinguish themselves from other species with dark spines on their thumbs and upper thighs. Their advertisement call, described as a high pitched “whirr” by Cadle and Altig (1991) is a single, repeated note. Tadpoles are clearly adapted for life in fast moving streams, with long muscular tails and their oral disc structured to attach to surfaces in high flow water; like adults they are notably larger than conspecifics, with total length of 78 mm (3.1 inches; Cadle and Altig 1991; Köhler 2000).
Deforestation and water pollution as a result of mining operations are significant concerns for this species, as armed treefrogs do not live away from streams, nor do they inhabit degraded areas. Chytrid fungus infection may also be a threat; this has not been confirmed but closely related frogs are known to test positive for this disease (Guayasamin et al. 2015; Angulo 2004). Currently, the H. armata population is recorded as locally common but decreasing; the IUCN gives them a status of “least concern.” They are found in several protected areas in Bolivia, including Madidi national park, and Peru including Manu national park (Angulo et al. 2004).
The 52.1 million year old genus Hyloscirtes (stream treefrogs) contains 34 described species consisting of three natural lineages: the armata group, the larinopygion group (sister lineage to the armata group), and the bogotensis group. H. armata is one of two described species in the armata group (clearly distinct from species in the other groups as adults and tadpoles), but the species is likely a cryptic complex that includes multiple species. More research is needed to distinguish species boundaries with the help of differences in advertisement calls (population differences are noted by Duellman et al. 1997), molecular markers and skin and iris coloration patterns (which are highly variable among sites in Peru and Bolivia) as the morphology and ecology in this species group is so conserved (Duellman et al. 1997; Faivovich et al. 2005; Guayasamin et al. 2015; De la Riva et al. 2000; Köhler 2000; Coloma et al. 2012).
- Faivovich, J., C. F. B. Haddad, P. C. de A. Garcia, D. R. Frost, J. A. Campbell, and W. C. Wheeler. 2005. Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: a phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 294: 1–240 [available for anonymous download at http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/handle/2246/462 ].
- Köhler, J. 2000. Amphibian diversity in Bolivia: a study with special reference to montane forest regions. Bonner Zoologische Monographien 48: 1–243.
- Angulo, A., S. Reichle, and W. Arizabal 2004. Hyloscirtus armatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. Retrieved August 15 2015 from http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/full/55398/0
- Cadle, J.E. and Altig, R. 1991. Two lotic tadpoles from the andes of southern Peru: Hyla armata and Bufo veraguensis, with notes on the call of Hyla armata (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae and Bufonidae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment: 45-53.
- Coloma, L. A., Carvajal-Endara, S., Duenas, J. F., Paredes-Recalde, A., Morales-Mite, M., Almeida-Reinoso, D., Tapia, E.E., Hutter, C.R., Toral, E. and Guayasamin, J. M. 2012. Molecular phylogenetics of stream treefrogs of the Hyloscirtus larinopygion group (Anura: Hylidae), and description of two new species from Ecuador. Zootaxa, (3364), 1-78. ISBN 978-1-86977-928-3 (Online edition). Link: http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2012/f/zt03364p078.pdf
- De la Riva, I., J. Köhler, S. Lötters, and S. Reichle. 2000. Ten years of research on Bolivian amphibians: updated checklist, distribution, taxonomic problems, literature and iconography. Revista Española de Herpetología 14: 19–164.
- Duellman, W.E., De la Riva, I. and Wild, E. 1997. Frogs of the Hyla armata and Hyla pulchella groups in the Andes of South America, with definitions and analyses of phylogenetic relationships of Andean group of Hyla. Natural History Museum, The University of Kansas: 1-78. Retrieved from Biodiversity Heritage Library, contributed by Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Ernst Mayr Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/48689#/summary.
- Frost, D.R. 2015. Hyoscritus armatus. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 Retrieved August 15 2015 from http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Hylidae/Hylinae/Hyloscirtus/Hyloscirtus-armatus. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA.
- Guayasamin, J.M., M. Rivera-Correa, A. Arteaga, J. Culebras, L. Bustamante, R.A. Pyron, N. Peñafiel, C. Morochz and C.R. Hutter, 2015. Molecular phylogeny of stream treefrogs (Hylidae: Hyloscirtus bogotensis Group), with a new species from the Andes of Ecuador, Neotropical Biodiversity, 1:1, 2-21. Permanent link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2015.1074407
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Dana Campbell, Dana Campbell |
Source | No source database. |
This species' geographic range is the Amazonian slopes of the Andes of Peru (Departamentos Cusco and Puno) and Bolivia (Departamentos La Paz, Cochabamba and Santa Cruz). Its altitudinal range of 1,000-2,500m asl.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | © International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
Source | http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/55398 |
Duellman et al. (1997) note that the original type specimen, described by Boulenger (1902) has a label showing it was obtained from “La Paz, Bolivia, 4000 m,” but that this altitude is far higher than the known range of H. armata (found up to 2500 m). Duellman et al. suggest that rather than the type locality, this was the shipping point of the specimen, which Boulenger credits as collected by “the late P.O. Simons.”
- Duellman, W.E., De la Riva, I. and Wild, E. 1997. Frogs of the Hyla armata and Hyla pulchella groups in the Andes of South America, with definitions and analyses of phylogenetic relationships of Andean group of Hyla. Natural History Museum, The University of Kansas: 1-78. Retrieved from Biodiversity Heritage Library, contributed by Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Ernst Mayr Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/48689#/summary.
- Boulenger, G. A. 1902. Descriptions of new batrachians and reptiles from the Andes of Peru and Bolivia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 10: 394–402. Retrieved from Biodiversity Heritage Library, contributed by BioStor, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/60014#/summary.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Dana Campbell, Dana Campbell |
Source | No source database. |
Habitat and Ecology
Systems
- Terrestrial
- Freshwater
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | © International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
Source | http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/55398 |
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